According to the National Conference of State Legislators, state and federal correctional facilities release over 600,000 inmates every year. Add that to the 11 million people who flow through local jails annually, and the result is a lot of people who may need a new place to live.
Many people leave incarceration without a stable home waiting for them, and the process of finding one is filled with challenges, especially when dealing with rental applications and financial limitations. This guide is here to help you understand those challenges and give you practical steps to find a safe, stable place to live.
Understanding the Housing Landscape After Incarceration
Finding a place to live after being incarcerated can be tough. Many landlords use background checks and might have rules that automatically reject anyone with a criminal record. This means they don't look at the whole person or consider how long ago the offense happened.
People who have been incarcerated often face unfair judgments. Some believe that anyone with a criminal record is dangerous or unreliable. These misconceptions can lead landlords to deny housing without getting to know the individual, even though they may be working hard to rebuild their lives and be good neighbors.
After incarceration, it can also be challenging to provide the paperwork landlords often require. You might not have a recent job history, pay stubs, or references. Additionally, time spent away can mean gaps in your employment record, making it harder to prove stability.
Your Legal Rights in the Housing Process
When you're looking for housing after incarceration, it's important to know your legal rights. Certain housing policies can be discriminatory if they unfairly impact people of specific races or backgrounds.
The Fair Housing Act and Its Limitations
The Fair Housing Act protects people from housing discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, disability, and family status. Although the FHA doesn't list criminal history as a protected category, housing policies that exclude people with criminal records can still violate the law if they disproportionately affect certain racial or ethnic groups.
HUD Guidance on Criminal Background Screenings
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has provided guidance on how landlords should handle criminal background checks. HUD advises against blanket bans that automatically deny housing to anyone with a criminal record. Instead, landlords should consider:
- The nature and severity of the offense
- How much time has passed since the offense
- What the person has done since then, such as employment or rehabilitation efforts
Importantly, arrests that didn't lead to convictions shouldn't be used to deny housing.
State and Local Protections
Beyond federal laws, many states and cities have their own rules to help people with criminal records find housing. These local protections often limit how and when landlords can consider your criminal history.
One example is California's Fair Chance Ordinance, which restricts affordable housing providers from considering certain criminal records, such as arrests not leading to convictions, juvenile records, and convictions older than seven years.
Housing Options for People Reentering Society
Moving in With Family or Friends
Moving in with family or friends after incarceration can be a helpful first step as you rebuild your life. One major benefit is having a place to stay right away. This can keep you from experiencing homelessness, which is common for many people after release.
Being around people you know can also provide emotional support and help you feel less alone. Family members might assist with things like transportation, meals, or helping you get to job interviews.
However, living with others can bring stress. There might be disagreements about house rules, money, or expectations. If someone in the home uses substances or engages in risky behavior, it could make your reentry harder. Also, depending too much on others might delay your progress toward independence.
Creating a plan ahead of time can help you avoid some of the more challenging aspects of this transitional phase:
- Discuss things like chores, curfews, and how long you plan to stay
- Make a plan for finding work, saving money, and eventually getting your own place
- Follow the house rules and be considerate of others' routines
- Look for local programs that offer job training, counseling, or housing assistance
Above all, stay connected. Keep in touch with positive influences, like mentors or support groups, to stay focused on your goals.
Transitional or Reentry Housing Programs
Transitional or reentry housing programs are designed to help you adjust to life after you get out of prison. They provide a structured environment where you can live temporarily while using support services like counseling, job training, and life skills classes.
In these programs, you'll often have a set schedule, participate in group meetings, and work with case managers who assist you in setting and achieving personal goals. For example, you might attend workshops on resume writing, receive help finding employment, or get support for substance use recovery.
Here are five national organizations that offer reentry housing and support services:
- Housing, job training, and counseling to help individuals reintegrate into their communities
- Mentorship, job readiness training, and housing assistance to support successful reentry
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The Doe Fund’s Ready, Willing, and Able Program:
Paid transitional work, housing, and career training to individuals with histories of incarceration - Transitional housing and comprehensive support services to young adults, including those who have experienced incarceration
- Shelter, meals, and support services for the homeless, including those affected by incarceration
These valuable resources can help you navigate the challenges of reentry and work toward a stable, independent life.
Public and Subsidized Housing Options
Section 8, also known as the Housing Choice Voucher Program, helps low-income individuals and families afford housing in the private market by covering a portion of their rent. Public Housing Authorities manage this program, as well as public housing, and are responsible for reviewing applications.
While having a criminal record doesn't automatically disqualify you, PHAs do conduct background checks and have discretion when it comes to criminal history. Federal guidelines prohibit blanket bans, but certain convictions, like lifetime sex offender registration and specific drug-related offenses, can lead to mandatory denial.
For other cases, PHAs are encouraged to look at the full picture, including how long ago the offense happened, any signs of rehabilitation, and whether you've taken part in support programs.
Ban the Box
To reduce discrimination, some jurisdictions have implemented "Ban the Box" policies in housing. These policies delay inquiries into criminal history until later in the application process, allowing applicants to be evaluated on other merits first. For example, certain ordinances prohibit landlords from considering arrests not leading to convictions, expunged records, or offenses that occurred a significant time ago.
How to Apply for Housing With a Criminal Record
Applying for housing with a criminal record can be tough, but being prepared can make a big difference. Landlords and housing authorities want to see that you’re taking steps to move forward. Here are the steps to help you apply for housing with a criminal record:
- Collect your photo ID, Social Security card, and any release papers you received when you left prison.
- List references who know your character, such as a case manager, job supervisor, mentor, or someone from a reentry program, who can speak well of you.
- Include pay stubs, job offer letters, or proof of government benefits, as well as if you’re in a job training program or actively searching for work.
- Craft a personal statement about what you’ve done to stay on track since your release, your progress, and your future goals.
- Keep copies of everything you submit. If you haven’t heard back after a week or two, follow up politely.
If one application doesn’t work out, don’t stop. Each try is a chance to improve your approach and get closer to finding a stable place to live.
Tips for Navigating Landlord Interviews and Background Checks
Landlord interviews and background checks can feel overwhelming, even if you don’t have a criminal record. Here are some tips to help you present yourself in the best light:
1. Be Honest and Provide Context
If a landlord asks about your criminal history, be truthful. Explain the circumstances of your offense and, more importantly, focus on the steps you've taken since then to improve your life. For example, you might say, "I made a mistake in the past, but since then, I've completed a job training program and have been working steadily for the past year."
2. Share Your Progress
Highlight the positive changes you've made. This could include steady employment, volunteer work, or participation in community programs. Providing references from employers, mentors, or counselors can also vouch for your reliability and character.
3. Know Your Rights Regarding Background Checks
Landlords often use tenant screening companies to conduct background checks. If a landlord decides not to rent to you based on this report, they must provide you with an "adverse action" notice, which includes the name of the company that provided the report. You have the right to request a free copy of this report within 60 days and dispute any inaccuracies.
4. Understand Expungement and Sealing Laws
Depending on your state, you might be eligible to have certain offenses expunged or sealed, meaning they wouldn't appear on background checks. This process can vary, and a legal aid organization in your area can guide you through the process and help determine your eligibility.
When and How to Appeal a Housing Denial
If you’ve been turned down for housing because of your criminal record, you might be able to appeal the decision. Landlords are not allowed to automatically say no to everyone with a record. For example, if you were denied housing for something minor that happened a long time ago — and the landlord didn’t think about the changes you’ve made since — this could be considered discriminatory.
There are some cases where landlords must say no, like if someone was convicted of manufacturing methamphetamine in federally supported housing. But for most other situations, landlords are supposed to look at whether you’re a risk right now, not just what happened in the past. They also can’t make rules that unfairly affect people of a certain race or background because that could violate the Fair Housing Act.
Steps to Appeal a Housing Denial
If you believe your housing application was unfairly denied due to your criminal record, follow these steps:
- Request a written letter with the reason for denial
- Obtain a free copy of your background report through the FCRA
- Prepare a personal statement explaining the circumstances of your offense with positive steps taken
- Gather support letters from employers, counselors, or community members
- Submit a written request for reconsideration
- Seek legal assistance if your appeal is denied or if you believe you’ve been discriminated against
If your criminal history is related to a disability, you can also request a reasonable accommodation. For example, if your offense was connected to a mental health condition for which you're now receiving treatment, provide documentation from a healthcare provider to support your request.
Finding Support: Organizations That Help
Finding a stable place to live after incarceration can be challenging, but many organizations across the country are ready to help. These groups offer housing assistance, job training, and other support to help you rebuild your life:
- Provides housing, job placement, education, and counseling services to people returning from prison
- Offers reentry support, including housing referrals, mentoring, and spiritual guidance
- Provides residential housing and teaches life and job skills through businesses run by residents themselves
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National Urban League’s Urban Reentry Jobs Program:
Provides job training and placement services to formerly incarcerated adults
To find help near you, consider these national directories:
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National Reentry Resource Center:
Connects those released from prison with housing programs, local reentry services, and guidance to help them find and keep stable housing - Provides information on employment and housing resources for people with criminal records
When searching, use terms like "reentry housing programs in [your city or state]" to find local organizations.
How Housing Navigators Can Assist You
Housing navigators are professionals who specialize in helping people with criminal records find housing. They can:
- Connect you with landlords willing to rent to individuals with a criminal history
- Help you gather necessary documents like ID, proof of income, and references
- Assist in filling out housing applications and writing personal statements
- Advocate on your behalf if a landlord has concerns about your background
To find a housing navigator, contact local reentry programs, legal aid offices, or community organizations that assist formerly incarcerated individuals.
Financial Assistance and Budgeting Tips
A stable life after prison relies on stable finances, and learning how to build a basic budget is the first step toward financial know-how.
Start by listing all your income sources, such as wages, benefits, or support from your family. Next, write down your monthly expenses: rent, utilities, food, transportation, and any debts. Subtract your expenses from your income to see what's left. If expenses exceed income, look for areas to cut back or other ways to make money. Keeping track of every dollar helps you make informed decisions and avoid unnecessary spending.
Housing should be your top priority. Aim to spend no more than 30% of your income on rent. If that's not possible, consider shared housing or transitional programs as temporary solutions. Set achievable financial goals, like saving a small amount each month.
Financial Coaching Programs for People After Prison
Several organizations offer financial coaching tailored for individuals reentering society:
- Capital Good Fund: Financial coaching and small loans to help with expenses like security deposits and car repairs
- First Step Alliance: Free financial education resources to improve budgeting and saving strategies
- Financial Liberation Reentry Training: A 16-week program focusing on financial literacy and securing housing for those recently released
- Your Money, Your Goals: A toolkit from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau designed to help individuals manage finances post-incarceration
These programs teach useful skills and give you one-on-one support to help you take control of your finances after getting out of prison.
Emergency Rental Assistance and One-Time Grants
Emergency rental assistance provides financial help to cover housing costs when you're at risk of eviction or homelessness. They're often run by local governments or nonprofit organizations.
One-time grants are lump-sum payments that don't need to be repaid. They're designed to help with specific needs like paying a security deposit, covering the first month's rent, or catching up on overdue bills.
Where to Apply
Here are some places where you can seek emergency rental assistance or one-time grants:
- Provides funding for rapid re-housing and homelessness prevention
- Offers rental and utility assistance, depending on available funds.
- Provide various forms of assistance, including help with rent and utilities
- Connects you to free local resources for housing, food, and other needs
Tips for Long-Term Housing Stability
Build a Rental History
A solid rental history shows landlords that you are a reliable tenant. Even if you've only lived in short-term housing or had a co-signer, these experiences count.
Make sure to pay your rent on time and follow the rules of your housing agreement. Ask your current or past landlords for reference letters that highlight your responsibility. If possible, use services that report your rent payments to credit bureaus, as this can help build your credit history.
Strengthen Your Application Over Time
Improving your housing application increases your chances of being accepted by landlords. Stable employment is crucial; it shows that you have a steady income to pay rent. Gather references from employers, mentors, or community members who can vouch for your character. Work on repairing your credit by paying off debts and managing any new credit responsibly.
Know When It’s Time to Move On
Transitional housing is meant to be temporary. As you gain stability, consider moving into permanent housing. Look for signs that you're ready, such as consistent income, a good rental history, and a manageable budget.
Start researching affordable housing options and prepare for the responsibilities of a long-term lease. If homeownership is a goal, begin saving for a down payment and learn about the requirements involved.
You CAN Find Reliable Housing After Incarceration
Finding a place to live after incarceration takes planning, effort, and the right support. Every step you take, whether it’s building a rental history, applying for financial help, or working with a housing navigator, puts you closer to the future you want.
Over time, your progress adds up. A few good choices today can open bigger doors tomorrow, like moving from transitional housing into a permanent home or even owning one someday. Keep working your plan, stay connected with people who support your goals, and don’t be afraid to ask for help when you need it.
Resources For Finding Housing After Incarceration
Housing Search and Application Support
HUD Reentry Housing Resources
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development offers guidance on housing options for individuals reentering society. Their resources include information on public housing, housing choice vouchers, and links to local housing authorities.
Prison Fellowship: Reentry Housing Support
Prison Fellowship provides support for individuals transitioning from incarceration, including assistance with finding housing. They offer guidance on navigating housing applications and connecting with local resources.
Offender Housing Resources
Offender Housing provides a directory of housing options tailored for individuals with criminal records. Their resources include listings of transitional housing, halfway houses, and other supportive living environments.
Legal and Advocacy Resources
The Fortune Society
Based in New York City, The Fortune Society supports successful reentry from incarceration and promotes alternatives to incarceration. They offer services like housing assistance, employment services, and education programs to strengthen communities.
Hope for Prisoners
Located in Las Vegas, Nevada, Hope for Prisoners is committed to helping men, women, and young adults successfully reenter the workforce, their families, and the community. They provide leadership training, mentorship, and various support services.
Defy Ventures
Defy Ventures is a national nonprofit organization that offers entrepreneurship, employment, and leadership training to individuals with criminal histories. Their programs aim to transform the lives of participants by providing them with the skills and support needed to succeed.
Wraparound Services and General Reentry Help
National Reentry Resource Center
Funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, the NRRC offers resources on housing, employment, education, and legal assistance. The center also provides training and technical assistance to organizations supporting reentry efforts.
Anti-Recidivism Coalition
Based in Los Angeles, ARC is dedicated to ending mass incarceration and supporting formerly incarcerated individuals. The organization offers support, including mentorship, life coaching, and comprehensive reentry services.
Volunteers of America: Reentry Programs
Volunteers of America offers reentry programs that assist with housing and employment. Support services include literacy training, housing location assistance, substance use treatment, and case management.
